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Each Ubuntu clone derived from the same snapshot shared an identical machine-id, causing systemd-networkd to use the same DHCP client-id and receive the same NAT IP triggering IP collision failures. Step 7b truncates /etc/machine-id and removes /var/lib/dbus/machine-id before the snapshot is taken. On first boot each clone generates a fresh machine-id from /dev/urandom -> unique DHCP client-id -> unique IP.